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<title>Content management</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Content management</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a> or <a href="Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a>.</div>

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<p><b>Content management</b> (<b>CM</b>) are a set of processes and technologies that support the collection, managing, and publishing of information in any form or medium. When stored and accessed via computers, this information may be more specifically referred to as digital content, or simply as <a href="Content_(media_and_publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media and publishing)">content</a>.

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<ul><li>Digital content may take the form of text (such as electronic documents), images, multimedia files (such as audio or video files), or any other file type that follows a content lifecycle requiring management.</li>

<li>The process of content development and management is complex enough that various commercial software vendors (large and small), such as Interwoven and Microsoft, offer content management software to control and automate significant aspects of the content lifecycle.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2></div>

<p>Content management practices and goals vary by mission and by organizational governance structure.

News organizations, <a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> websites, and educational institutions all use content management, but in different ways. This leads to differences in terminology and in the names and number of steps in the process.

</p><p>For example, some digital content is created by one or more authors. Over time that content may be edited. One or more individuals may provide some editorial oversight, approving the content for publication.

</p><p><a href="Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> may take many forms: it may be the act of "pushing" content out to others, or simply granting digital access rights to certain content to one or more individuals. Later that content may be superseded by another version of the content and thus retired or removed from use (as when this wiki page is modified).

</p><p>Content management is an inherently collaborative process. It often consists of the following basic roles and responsibilities:

</p>

<ul><li><b>Creator</b> – responsible for creating and editing content.</li>

<li><b>Editor</b> – responsible for tuning the content message and the style of delivery, including translation and localization.</li>

<li><b>Publisher</b> – responsible for releasing the content for use.</li>

<li><b>Administrator</b> – responsible for managing access permissions to folders, collections and files, usually accomplished by assigning access rights to user groups or roles. Admins may also assist and support users in various ways.</li>

<li><b>Consumer, viewer or guest</b> – the person who reads or otherwise consumes the content after it is published or shared.</li></ul>

<p>A critical aspect of content management is the ability to manage versions of content as it evolves (<i>see also</i> <a href="Version_control" title="Version control">version control</a>). Authors and editors often need to restore older versions of edited products due to a process failure or an undesirable series of edits. Time-sensitive content may also require updates as the subject matter evolves over time.

</p><p>Another equally important aspect of content management involves the creation, maintenance, and application of review standards. Each member of the content creation and review process has a unique role and set of responsibilities in the development or publication of the content. Each review team member requires clear and concise review standards. These must be maintained on an ongoing basis to ensure the long-term consistency and health of the <a href="Knowledge_base" title="Knowledge base">knowledge base</a>.

</p><p>A content management system is a set of automated processes that may support the following features:

</p>

<ul><li>Import and creation of documents and multimedia material</li>

<li>Identification of all key users and their roles</li>

<li>The ability to assign roles and responsibilities to different instances of content categories or types</li>

<li>Definition of workflow tasks often coupled with messaging so that content managers are alerted to changes in content</li>

<li>The ability to track and manage multiple versions of a single instance of content</li>

<li>The ability to publish the content to a repository to support access</li>

<li>The ability to personalize content based on a set of rules</li></ul>

<p>Increasingly, the repository is an inherent part of the system, and incorporates <a href="Enterprise_search" title="Enterprise search">enterprise search</a> and retrieval. Content management systems take the following forms:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Web_content_management_system" title="Web content management system">Web content management system</a>—<a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> for <a href="Web_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Web site">web site</a> management (often what <i>content management</i> implicitly means)</li>

<li>Output of a <a href="Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> editorial staff organization</li>

<li><a href="Workflow" title="Workflow">Workflow</a> for <a href="Essay" title="Essay">article</a> publication</li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_management_software" title="Knowledge management software">Knowledge management software</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_source_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Single source publishing">Single source</a> content management system—content stored in chunks within a relational database</li>

<li>Variant management system—where personnel tag source content (usually text and graphics) to represent variants stored as single source "master" content modules, resolved to the desired variant at publication (for example: automobile owners manual content for 12 model years stored as single master content files and "called" by model year as needed)—often used in concert with database chunk storage (see above) for large content objects</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_structures">Governance structures</h2></div>

<p>Content management expert Marc Feldman defines three primary content management governance structures: localized, centralized, and federated—each having its unique strengths and weaknesses.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Localized_governance">Localized governance</h3></div>

<p>By putting control in the hands of those closest to the content, the context experts, localized governance models empower and unleash creativity. These benefits come, however, at the cost of a partial-to-total loss of managerial control and oversight.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centralized_governance">Centralized governance</h3></div>

<p>When the levers of control are strongly centralized, content management systems are capable of delivering an exceptionally clear and unified brand message. Moreover, centralized content management governance structures allow for a large number of cost-savings opportunities in large enterprises, realized, for example, through (1) the avoidance of duplicated efforts in creating, editing, formatting, repurposing and archiving content; (2) process management and the streamlining of all content related labor; and/or (3) an orderly deployment or updating of the content management system.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federated_governance">Federated governance</h3></div>

<p>Federated governance models potentially realize the benefits of both localized and centralized control while avoiding the weaknesses of both. While content management software systems are inherently structured to enable federated governance models, realizing these benefits can be difficult because it requires, for example, negotiating the boundaries of control with local managers and content creators. In the case of larger enterprises, in particular, the failure to fully implement or realize a federated governance structure equates to a failure to realize the full return on investment and cost savings that content management systems enable.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div>

<p>Content management implementations must be able to manage content distributions and digital rights in content life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Content management systems are usually involved with <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> in order to control user access and digital rights. In this step, the read-only structures of <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> systems force some limitations on content management, as they do not allow authors to change protected content in their life cycle. Creating new content using managed (protected) content is also an issue that gets protected contents out of management controlling systems. A few content management implementations cover all these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Content_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Content delivery">Content delivery</a></li>

<li><a href="Content_engineering" title="Content engineering">Content engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Content_Management_Interoperability_Services" title="Content Management Interoperability Services">Content Management Interoperability Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">Content management system</a> (CMS)</li>

<li><a href="Digital_asset_management" title="Digital asset management">Digital asset management</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_content_management" title="Enterprise content management">Enterprise content management</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_management" title="Enterprise information management">Enterprise information management</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_content_management_systems" title="List of content management systems">List of content management systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_source_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Single source publishing">Single source publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Snippet_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Snippet management">Snippet management</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_content_lifecycle" title="Web content lifecycle">Web content lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li>

<li><a href="Website_governance" title="Website governance">Website governance</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalization_management_system" title="Personalization management system">Personalization management system</a></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clickz.com/clickz/column/1715089/governance-issues-content-management">"Governance Issues in Content Management"</a>. 12 January 2001.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2004" class="citation journal cs1">White, Blake (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ15189">"A New Era for Content: Protection, Potential, and Profit in the Digital World"</a>. <i>SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal</i>. <b>113</b> (4). Society of Motion Picture & Television Engineers: <span class="nowrap">110–</span>120. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5594%2FJ15189">10.5594/J15189</a></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFUmeh2007" class="citation book cs1">Umeh, Jude (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/World-Beyond-Digital-Rights-Management-ebook/dp/B004GEAEZM"><i>The World Beyond Digital Rights Management</i></a>. British Computer Society. p. 320. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1902505879</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBoiko2004" class="citation book cs1">Boiko, Bob (2004-11-26). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contentmanagemen0000boik_t9l3"><i>Content Management Bible</i></a></span>. Wiley. p. 1176. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7645-7371-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRockley2002" class="citation book cs1">Rockley, Ann (2002-10-27). <i>Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy</i>. New Riders Press. p. 592. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7357-1306-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHackos2002" class="citation book cs1">Hackos, JoAnn T. (2002-02-14). <i>Content Management for Dynamic Web Delivery</i>. Wiley. p. 432. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-471-08586-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGlushkoTim_McGrath2005" class="citation book cs1">Glushko, Robert J.; Tim McGrath (2005). <i>Document Engineering: Analyzing and Designing Documents for Business Informatics and Web Services</i>. MIT Press. p. 728. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-262-57245-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFerranJulià_Minguillón2011" class="citation book cs1">Ferran, Núria; Julià Minguillón (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contentmanagemen00ferr"><i>Content Management for E-Learning</i></a></span>. Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contentmanagemen00ferr/page/n230">215</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4419-6958-3</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Content_management_systems_(list)76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">Content management systems</a> (<a href="List_of_content_management_systems" title="List of content management systems">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Component_content_management_system" title="Component content management system">Component content management system (CCMS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_content_management" title="Enterprise content management">Enterprise content management (ECM)</a></li>

<li><a href="Headless_content_management_system" title="Headless content management system">Headless content management system (Headless CMS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_content_management_system" title="Web content management system">Web content management system (WCMS)</a></li>

<li><a href="Personalization_management_system" title="Personalization management system">Personalization management system (PMS)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Website_management308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Website_management308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Website management</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clustered_web_hosting" title="Clustered web hosting">Clustered</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-hosting_(web_services)" title="Self-hosting (web services)">Self-hosting</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_web_hosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual web hosting">Virtual</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">Analytics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Click_analytics" title="Click analytics">Click analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_web_analytics" title="Mobile web analytics">Mobile web analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_tracking" title="Web tracking">Web tracking</a>

<ul><li><a href="Click_tracking" title="Click tracking">Click tracking</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Web document">Web document</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_content" title="Web content">Web content</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_content_lifecycle" title="Web content lifecycle">Web content lifecycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a></li>

<li><a href="Web_cache" title="Web cache">Web cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmaster" title="Webmaster">Webmaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Website_governance" title="Website governance">Website governance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_hosting_control_panel" title="Web hosting control panel">Hosting control panels</a><br>(<a href="Comparison_of_web_hosting_control_panels" title="Comparison of web hosting control panels">comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="AlternC" title="AlternC">AlternC</a></li>

<li><a href="CPanel" title="CPanel">cPanel</a></li>

<li><a href="DirectAdmin" title="DirectAdmin">DirectAdmin</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain_Technologie_Control" title="Domain Technologie Control">Domain Technologie Control</a></li>

<li><a href="Froxlor" title="Froxlor">Froxlor</a></li>

<li><a href="ISPConfig" title="ISPConfig">ISPConfig</a></li>

<li><a href="Kloxo" title="Kloxo">Kloxo</a></li>

<li><a href="Plesk" title="Plesk">Plesk</a></li>

<li><a href="Usermin" title="Usermin">Usermin</a></li>

<li><a href="Webmin" title="Webmin">Webmin</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">Top-level domain</a><br>registries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AFNIC" class="mw-redirect" title="AFNIC">AFNIC</a></li>

<li><a href="DNS_Belgium" title="DNS Belgium">DNS Belgium</a></li>

<li><a href="CentralNic" class="mw-redirect" title="CentralNic">CentralNic</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Internet_Network_Information_Center" title="China Internet Network Information Center">CNNIC</a></li>

<li><a href="DENIC" title="DENIC">DENIC</a></li>

<li><a href="EURid" title="EURid">EURid</a></li>

<li><a href="Freenom" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenom">Freenom</a></li>

<li><a href="GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Google Domains</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_Digital" title="Identity Digital">Identity Digital</a></li>

<li><a href="NIC_M%C3%A9xico" title="NIC México">NIC México</a></li>

<li><a href="Nominet" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominet">Nominet</a></li>

<li><a href="Tucows" title="Tucows">Tucows</a></li>

<li><a href="Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a><br>managers,<br><a href="Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">registrars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bluehost" title="Bluehost">Bluehost</a></li>

<li><a href="Domainz" title="Domainz">Domainz</a></li>

<li><a href="DreamHost" title="DreamHost">DreamHost</a></li>

<li><a href="Dynadot" title="Dynadot">Dynadot</a></li>

<li><a href="Gandi" title="Gandi">Gandi</a></li>

<li><a href="GlowHost" title="GlowHost">GlowHost</a></li>

<li><a href="GMO_Internet" title="GMO Internet">GMO Internet</a></li>

<li><a href="GoDaddy" title="GoDaddy">GoDaddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Domains" title="Google Domains">Google Domains</a></li>

<li><a href="Hover_(domain_registrar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hover (domain registrar)">Hover</a></li>

<li><a href="Infomaniak" title="Infomaniak">Infomaniak</a></li>

<li><a href="Jimdo" title="Jimdo">Jimdo</a></li>

<li><a href="Namecheap" title="Namecheap">Namecheap</a></li>

<li><a href="Hostinger" title="Hostinger">Hostinger</a></li>

<li><a href="NameSilo" title="NameSilo">NameSilo</a></li>

<li><a href="NearlyFreeSpeech" title="NearlyFreeSpeech">NearlyFreeSpeech</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Register.com" title="Register.com">Register.com</a></li>

<li><a href="Squarespace" title="Squarespace">Squarespace</a></li>

<li>TransIP</li>

<li><a href="Tucows" title="Tucows">Tucows</a></li>

<li>Vimexx</li>

<li><a href="Webcentral" title="Webcentral">Webcentral</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_content_management_system" title="Web content management system">Content<br>management system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiki_software" title="Wiki software">Wiki software</a></li>

<li><a href="Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a> software</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-27" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Content_management&oldid=1297574916">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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